Social Support and Physical Activity Corroborating

Running head HEALTHY AGING IN THE ELDERLY 1 friendly Support and Physical practise Corroborating lusty maturation and Quality of animateness in the Elderly K atomic number 18n Cauthen Counseling 502-B21 Liberty University Abstract Can morbidity be deterred in the gray or is disease and illness a fact of intent for the aged? Does fond acquit and corporal act play a part in pr horizontalting secondary age exhibites? This paper will modestly explore and discuss the effects of genial interactions and routine bodily process of the ancient upon ruddy age and select of action story. Successful sun-loving senescence is impacted by a healthy modus vivendi and is positively cerebrate to a reduced fatality rate risk and a delay in health stultification (Merrill, Myklebust, Myklebust, Reynolds, & Duthie, 2008). It is non the absence of disease or dis efficacy that qualifies healthy aging, bargonly response to the aging process that defines tint of life (Gilbert, Hagerty, & Taggert, 2012). According to Erik Erikson it is the ordinal stage of development integrity vs. espair (Erikson, Erikson, & Kivnick, 1986) the point in life where the humans of closing becomes imminent and a review of life determines closeing (Elhman & Ligon, 2012). Social participation and an active lifestyle atomic number 18 good at any age solely for the elderly it is the cover over the duncical dark hole of despair and loneliness. Keywords integrity, despair, action, fond, healthy aging, aging process, take over Social Support and Physical Activity Corroborating healthy maturement and Quality of liveness in the ElderlyAs we grow cured our bodies change, our thoughts are more than reflective, and our friendships more selective. Growing old is not a cookie cutter process. For each individual it is different. Some check very busy, while others quit. They gradu every last(predicate)y halt participation in day-to-day events, or they take up yoga, run a mar athon even go back to school. Successful aging is determined more by mental attitude than bodily ability how past life is perceived and future life accomplished.It is how change is managed that determines healthy aging and role of life in the aged. Growing old is a process gerontologist divide in two categories, primary aging and secondary aging (Berger, 2011). Primary aging is defined as the universal changes occurring with age that are not ca commitd by diseases or environmental influences. junior-grade aging is defined as changes involving interactions of primary aging processes with environmental influences and disease processes (Masoro & Austad, 2006).According to Berger (Berger, 2011) there are ternary stages of old young-old, healthy, active, financi all in ally secure and independent old-old, although still independent suffer from reductions in natural or mental ability or accessible shop and last, oldest-old, infirm, at risk for illness and injury. Not preferring to use the word old, some gerontologist describe four stages of aging as optimal aging, usual aging, stricken or pathological aging, and the fourth, successful aging, (Rowe & Kahn, 1998) signifying extensive societal interaction and activity (Berger, 2011).The elderly tend to handbill structural capacity by their ability to carry out, independently, their routine activities, also called the activities of quotidian dungeon (Brito & Pavarini, 2012). later on stratums of independent living, dependency on someone to carry out normal everyday functions fag be emotionally and socially debilitating, even more so than the illnesses that made them dependent. Loss, in instrumental activities of daily living contributes to undischargeder estrangement from ones social surroundings and consequently to a movement to be isolated in ones residence (Brito & Pavarini, 2012).Erik Erikson provided an in-depth philosophy in his final eighth stage of development integrity vs. despair. This is a time in which the elderly desire to unite their spacious experiences with their ideas of humanity (Erikson, et al, 1986). While despair stands for a complete loss of hope, integrity does not only mean honesty, but also a feeling of being whole, not scattered, comfortable with oneself (Berger, 2011). Yet it is in Eriksons seventh stage, generativity vs. tagnation, we find that in elderly handsomes, generativity may be the single just about essential agent in achieving ego integrity (James & Zarrett, 2006) and positively impacts wellbeing (Yuen, Huang, Burik, & Smith, 2008) (Elhman & Ligon, 2012). Therefore, as Erikson (Erikson & Erikson, 1997) put it, indeed, old people sack up and need to prolong a grand-generative function (p. 63), and that vital involvementis necessary for staying really alive (p. 63) (Elhman & Ligon, 2012). TheoriesPeople are multi-dimensional, multi-faceted creatures. To lump us all under one roof would be a crime. Numerous theories, through with(predi cate) research and schooling, try to describe human behavior but no one such study is sufficient. There are four main theories concerning the activities and social life of the elderly. Each surmise dos truth but not the whole truth. The first, activity theory, views sr. people as mentally unchanged holding social and physical obstacles responsible for declining rates of social interaction (Carstensen L.L. , 1992). Activity theorists blame age-related health and social burdens for arrive of change in social participation and activities (Carstensen L. L. , 1992). The second, dis net theory, suggest that old age instigates a plebeian withdrawal between society and aging people (Carstensen L. L. , 1992). Elaine Cumming and William Earl total heat (Cumming & Henry, 1961) suggest that in preparation for death withdrawal is manifested in a distancing in social singingships.As death creeps ever closer what is important and what is not is more relevant. What we do, where we do it, a nd whom we do it with are choices that continue the idea of independence. A third theory proposed by Dr. Laura Carstensen (Carstensen L. L. , 1992), socioemotional selective theory, counters the assumption by the other two theories, that these changes in social activity are strictly late-life phenomena, with the proposition that these changes actually start earlier in life. Reduced rates of interaction in late life are viewed as the result of lifelong selection processes by which people strategically and adaptively cultivate their social networks to maximize social and emotional gains and minimize social and emotional risks (Carstensen L. L. , 1992). Because so much is derived from social interaction information, assistance, self-identity, selection of a mate, knowledge of culture and history, discriminate and careful examination of social partners is a must (Carstensen L. L. , 1992).The fourth, gerotranscendence theory, was developed by Lars Tornstam to address a perpetual mismatch between consecrate theories in social gerontology and existing empirical data (Tornstam, 2010). Gerotranscendence claims successful aging results from frequent meditative thought, a decrease in materialism, and transcendence of primary aging processes (Adams & Sanders, 2010). In support of this theory a Change in Activities and Interest Index (CAII) was created to examine empirically the perceived changes that occur in the lives of older adults (Adams & Sanders, 2010).The CAII is a 30-item questioner optimized to examine self-perceived change in investment in and attitudes about social and waste pastimes among older adults (Adams & Sanders, 2010). As a result of the research by Drs. Kathryn Adams and Sara Sanders (Adams & Sanders, 2010) using the CAII, providers of health care to the elderly basin better design ways to elevate direct intricacy in valuable, desired activities and social relations as they advance within the aging process. As stated earlier, all four theories hol d truth, but none the whole truth.Each theory describes certain individuals but leaves out others. Because we are an ever ever-changing species and constantly growing population more studies are needed in understanding the causes of healthy aging and defining reference of life. gender Studies have shown that in later life numerous physical benefits, as well as, psychological benefits are a result of participation in social activity, such as the promotion of happiness (Menec, 2003), reduction of the risk of depression (Hong, Hasche, & Bowland, 2009), reduction of the objurgate of motor function (Buchman, et al. 2009), and even reductions in mortality (Lennartsson & Silverstein, 2001) (Li, Lin, & Chen, 2011). look into to date indicates that participation in social activity exerts positive and psychological health effects among the elderly and that the pattern of activity participation differs by sex activity (Li, et al, 2011). Numerous studies and literature motif general diff erences in the social activities of men and women, but only one study considered sexual practice issues and social activity among the elderly (Arber, Perren, & Davidson, 2002).When exploring the outcomes of healthy aging and quality of life in regards to social support and physical activity, gender cannot be overlooked. Changes take place throughout the lifespan and gender affects social and heathen relations to these changes. In the expansion of associations and community contacts the distinct social settings that men and women live in tinge to dissimilar behaviors (Barer, 1994 Carstensen L. L. , 1991). Dr. Kate Bennett (Bennett K. M. 1998) did an 8-year longitudinal study on physical activity in the elderly. The results showed that women were more belike to contract themselves with indoor activities (e. g. , housework) and men with outdoor activities (e. g. , walking or cycling) (Bennett K. M. , 1998). Involvement in activities, whether readily available or not, is also gende r specific. Elderly women are more likely to attend or be voluminous with religious services and activities than elderly men (Arber, et al, 2002).For men, staying in touch with what is going on through baronial and in evening gown associations or engaging in social activities such as volunteer work helps them maintain self-identity within their society (Arber, et al, 2002). Cultural context also plays a part in the construct of gender roles. In most societies, Western and non-Western, the male role is that of bread winner and the female role is that of homemaker (Li, et al, 2011). Western society mindset has changed over the years to the point where these roles are often reversed or completely annihilated.In Asia, however, a study done between 1988 and 1997 of people aged 60 or older free-base that women were more likely to rely on their family for financial support and men were more likely to have their own source of income (Ofstedal, Reidy, & Knodel, 2004). However, a study of 5,294 noninstitutionalized elderly adultsconcluded that working for a living was associated with high rates of depression among the elderly (Hong, et al, 2009), most likely due to Asian handed-down social value (xiao) which reflects bad on the family of children who cannot support their parents (Li, et al, 2011).Facilitators and Barriers The earths populace of 60+ year olds has doubled since 1980 and will achieve the 2 billion mark by 2050 according to the gentlemans gentleman Health Organization (World Health Organization, n. d. Gilbert, et al, 2012). Catherine Gilbert, Debra Hagerty and Helen Taggert generated a study to explore the factors associated with healthy aging through personal interviews free voice to the elders regarding their impression of facilitators and barriers to healthy ageing (Gilbert, et al, 2012).The results found the elderly perceive three main facilitators to healthy ageing taking care of self meaningful activity and positive attitude, and three main ba rriers to healthy ageing giving up or giving in environmental limitations and the ageing process (Gilbert, et al, 2012). Empathy is a facilitator and plays an important role in healthy ageing and quality of life through social interaction and is a requirement for enduring social commitments (Bailey, Henry, & Von Hippel, 2008). Empathy has been described as the capacity to understand others and experience their feelings in relation to oneself (Decety & Jackson, 2004). Few studies have been done to reveal whether empathic capacity diminishes with age (Bailey, et al, 2008). Phoebe Bailey, Julie Henry and William Von Hippel researched the possibility that age-related reductions in social functioning might be mediated by declining cognitive empathy with results testifying cognitive empathy was significantly reduced related to younger adults, but there were no age-related differences in affective empathy (Bailey, et al, 2008).Thus empathy as a facilitator to healthy aging and quality of l ife bares much weight in functional relationships. A social network also facilitates healthy aging and quality of life. Social support, created by relationships, both formal and informal, provides one with emotional, affective and material help, with information, and with positive social interaction (Ostergren, Hanson, Isacsson, & Tejler, 1991). It has been proven by studies that equal to(predicate) social support is a efensive aspect in functional disability and cognitive compromise in the elderly (Golden, Conroy, & Lawlor, 2009 Bennett, Schneider, Tang, Arnold, & Wilson, 2006 Stuck, Walhert, Nikolaus, Bula, Hohmann, & Beck, 1999). Autonomy and independence within family and social circles is maintained through social supports and is essential to cognitive functions and psychological well-being (Golden, et al, 2009 Bennett, et al, 2006 Stuck, et al, 1999). On the other hand, barriers to healthy ageing and quality of life include physical ability and cognitive alterations.Barriers reported by older adults are physical health problems and frailty, resultant injury and falling, wish of motivation, feeling low, time constraints, social barriers, past seentary lifestyle, feeling too tired, and environmental restrictions such as transportation, weather, neighborhood safety, fatigue and having no one to exercise with (Belza, et al. , 2004 Bird, et al. , 2009 Chen, 2010 Conn, 1998 Lees, Clark, Nigg, & in the altogetherman, 2005 Newson & Kemps, 2007 Prohaska, et al. , 2006).Yet fear of disease and becoming dependent is a great motivator to be physically active (Welmer, Morck, & Dahlin-Ivanoff, 2012). Another barrier to healthy ageing and quality of life in the elderly is cognitive alterations. Primary aging results in a slow steady decline of mental functions. Loss of words, ability to understand and perceive, to move efficiently and smoothly, and ability to manage, encounter, and regulate cognitive processes all deteriorate as we get older, allbeit some faster t han others (Brito & Pavarini, 2012). with memory loss standing out most in the population in general.Maintenance of cognition is an important determinant for quality of life and life prevision in old age, as cognitive decline is associated with personal discomfort, loss of autonomy and increase of social costs (Brito & Pavarini, 2012). Research and Results The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the CDC Healthy Ageing Research profit (CDC-HAN) and the European Union Active and Healthy Ageing partnership (ND) all agree healthy ageing is important and pursue educating the public through studies and research (Gilbert, et al, 2012).The mission of the CDC Healthy Ageing Research internet is To better understand the determinants of healthy ageing in diverse populations and settings to identify, develop, and evaluate programs and policies that promote healthy ageing and to translate and disseminate research into effective and sustainable public health programs and policies throughout the nation (CDC, 2012). By using research from these agencies, communities throughout the world can develop programs that enhance and promote healthy aging and quality of life for the elderly (Gilbert, et al, 2012).The World Health Organization is aware of the challenges in healthcare face up in the 21st century, as well as, the need for the contributions the elderly make (Gilbert, et al, 2012). In support of healthy ageing and quality of life we need training for health professionals on old-age care preventing and managing age-associated chronic diseases conniving sustainable policies on long-term and palliative care and developing age-friendly services and settings (WHO, n. d. ) Along with national research, colligate, institutional, private, and organisational studies continue the quest for positive healthy aging and quality of life.Many studies extol the benefits of social support and physical activity upon the health and well-being, both mentally and physically, of the elderly. A study by Anna-Karin Welmer, Annika Morck, and Synneve Dahlin-Ivanoff Physical Activity in People Age 80 Years and Older as a Means to Counteracting Disability, Balanced in Relation to Frailty, declares results suggest that physical activity was not seen as a separate activity but rather as a part of activities often rated as more important than the physical activity itself.Thus, when designing physical activity interventions for elderly people, health care providers should consider including time for social interaction and possibilities to be outdoors (Welmer, et al, 2012). In another study exploring Empathy and Social Functioning in Late Adulthood, Bailey, Henry, and Von Hippel report aging may differentially impact cognitive and affective empathy, and that the former may be of finical importance for social functioning.Given the negative consequences that loneliness and social isolation have for physical and mental well-being (House, Landis, & Umberson, 1988), part icularly among older adults (for whom reduced social participation has been linked to increased mortality (Bath & Deeg, 2005 Fry & Debats, 2006), these findings calculate a worthwhile topic for further investigation (Bailey, et al, 2008). Yet another study by Gilbert, Hagerty and Taggert, Exploring Factors tie in to Healthy Ageing, reveals the importance of environment in facilitating a healthy social and physically active lifestyle.Tom, an interviewee and player in the study was very articulate about the need for environmental modifications that support the lifestyles of the elderly (Gilbert, et al, 2012). To be active, means to be able to travel and do things. Unfortunately, when we travel, the people who claim to have handicap live have had the worst advice in the world. Numerous times I have been placed in situations where you cant sit down in the shower or if you get in the tub, you cant get out (Gilbert, et al, 2012).In a study, Gender Differences in the Relationship of Soc ial Activity and Quality of Life in Community- Dwelling Taiwanese Elders, Li, Lin, and Chen find to some degree that gender does play a role in what activities are pursued and measured as resulting in quality of life by the elderly. For the men in this study, engaging in contact with friends, informal group activity, formal group activity, and spontaneous work were significantly associated with the total quality of life. Among women, our data show that fewer types of social activity are associated with quality of life domains (Li, et al, 2011).Men seemed to derive quality of life through formal groups where status and title were bestowed, whereas, women found quality of life sustained in religious activities (Li, et al, 2011). A study by Brito and Pavarini, The Relationship among Social Support and Functional Capacity in Elderly Persons with Cognitive Alterations, corroborates the importance of social support in regards to healthy aging and quality of life, especially among the el derly with cognitive inpairment.Social support may comfort individuals from the pathogenic effects of stressing events, as much as it may positively affect peoples health by providing resources (economic and material help and information), better access to health care and regulation of living habits (Ramos, 2002). Research and study in gerontology promote understanding of the needs of the elderly in establishing adequate structuring and implantation of pathways that contribute to social support and physical activities, which in turn corroborates healthy aging and quality of life (Brito & Pavarini, 2012).Conclusion Getting old is a fact of life and with advances in medicine and the worlds population living longer (WHO, n. d. ), coping successfully with getting older requires selective optimization with allowance setting goals, assessing abilities, and making plans to achieve regardless of hindrances and limitations (Berger, 2011). A positive outlook, family and friends, and an acti ve lifestyle are all deterrents of morbidity (Gilbert, Hagerty, & Taggert, 2012).Influenced by a healthy lifestyle, successful healthy ageing is clearly related to a decreased mortality risk and a postponement in, and in some cases suspension of, health deterioration (Merrill, et al, 2008). 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