The Death Penalty Essay -- essays research papers fc

Capital PunishmentMurder is the unlawful killing of one human beings by another, especially with premeditated malice. This country believes killings someone under veritable circumstances is acceptable this should not be the case. Capital penalisation, the death penalty, is the maximum sentence used in punishing people who kill another human being. It is one of the most controversial topics in America today. Capital punishment is still murder, simple as that. The death penalty needs to be abolished in all states. There are too m all flaws that come with this punishment. Innocent people can be executed, it is morally wrong, and it does not discourage, or deter crime.From 1976 to the present, information from The close Penalty states one hundred and nineteen death row inmates have been found innocent and set free prior to their execution. Also, at least(prenominal) twenty-three people have been executed who did not commit the crime they were accused of. The average number of year s between being sentenced and exoneration is 9.2 years. remunerative back someone nine years of their life is impossible let alone telling someone that is already dead, they are innocent and free to go. These poetry are way too high errors like this should be caught right away. Wasting years of a mans life, or ending it all together is not what America should stand for. Without the death penalty, an innocent man will at least be able to pick up where he left off, and not be wrongfully executed. Mistakes like these do not need to be made. Another big issue with killing an innocent person is the case clay closed forever. If a case is closed the police will not have reason to look for the real cause of death. When an innocent person is executed, the real killer is still on the streets, ready to kill someone else. Innocence goes both ways. Innocent murder victims and wrongfully convicted people that are sentenced to death are in the same boat. Both of them had their lives stripped f rom them when they shouldnt have. Murdering an innocent person is like executing the wrong person. There is no full proof way of reservation sure innocent people are not put on death row. Therefore there is no reason for the death penalty, in any state.Any person of any religion can see that the death penalty is morally wrong. There arent any religions that pr... ...ot be allowed. Capital punishment is a power that no man or woman deserves to make for another human being. This is taking away the peoples right to live. Capital punishment has no place in todays society. There are too many bad things that can come from the death penalty. Perfectly innocent people can be put on death row, or even executed. It is immoral on so many levels. Also it has never been proven to deter crime. Therefore seat of government punishment, the death penalty, should be abolished in all states. Innocent or wrongfully convicted people will be able to benefit from this, and stand another get without th e death penalty. Also there is a great chance there will be a decrease in murder rates.BibliographyWorks CitedArguments For & Against the Death Penalty. Death Penalty Curricula for High School. 13 April 2005 .Dieter, Richard. Facts about Deterrence and the Death Penalty. Death Penalty Information Center. 12 April 2005 .Mitchell, Hayley, ed. The Death Penalty. San Diego Greenhaven Press, Inc., 2001.Wekesser, Carol, ed. The Death Penalty fence Viewpoints. San Diego Greenhaven Press, Inc., 1991.

gatjay Failure of Jay Gatsby in The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald :: Great Gatsby Essays

Failure of Jay Gatsby of The Great Gatsby    A society naturally breaks up into various social groups over time. Members of lower statuses constantly animadvert that their problems will be resolved if they gain enough wealth to reach the upper class. Many interpret the American Dream as being this theodolite to high social status and, once reaching that point, not having to concern about money at all. Though, the American Dream involves more than the social and scotch standings of an individual. The dream involves attaining a balance between the spiritual strength and the physical strength of an individual. Jay Gatsby, of F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby, fails to reach his ultimate dream of love for Daisy in that he chooses to pursue it by engaging in a lifestyle of high class.             Gatsby realizes that life of the high class demands wealth to become priority wealth becomes his skin-deep goal overshadowing his qu est for love. He establishes his necessity to acquire wealth, which allows him to be with Daisy. The social elite of Gatsbys time sacrifice morality in order to attain wealth. tomcat Buchanan, a man from an enormously wealthy family, seems to Nick to have lost all sense of being kind (Fitzgerald 10). Nick describes Toms physical attributes as a metaphor for his true character when remarking that Tom had a hard mouth and a supercilious manner...arrogant eyes had established dominance over his face...always leaning precipitously forward...a cruel body...his speaking voice...added to the impression of fractiousness he conveyed (Fitzgerald 11). The wealth Tom has ancestral causes him to become arrogant and condescending to others, while losing his morals. Rather than becoming degenerate from wealth as Tom has, Gatsby engages in criminal activity as his only path to being rich. His need for money had become so with child(p) that he was in the drug business (Fitzgerald 95). Furthermo re, he lies to Nick about his past in order to cover up his criminal activity. Gatsby claims to others that he has inherited his wealth, but Nick discovers his parents were shiftless and unsuccessful farm people (Fitzgerald 104). Gatsby enters a world where money takes precedence over moral integrity. Materialism has already overshadowed a portion of his spiritual side. A quest for true love is doomed for failure in the presence of immorality. Once wealth has taken priority over integrity, members of the high social class focus on immediate indulgences, rather than on long-term pleasures of life such as love.

Computer Intelligence :: essays research papers fc

Can computers think independently and do they rich person minds? This question has been the topic of countless, bad movies since the 1950s as well as a number of science fiction novels. We all believe that we father minds. It is something that is taken for granted but what exactly is a mind and are humans the wholly to possess them? Ever since the invention of the computer, they have been a mystery, even to the smartest of scientists. With the ongoing development of artificial intelligence and high population of computer literate people, the possible action of computers with minds must be re-evaluated.The initial question that must be answered before tackling the mind/computer problem is how do you define a mind? This is something that philosophers have been trying to answer for hundreds of years, long before the invention of the computer. Renee Descartes supported the concept of dualism which is the belief that the mind is a separate non-physical entity associated with the bod y during its life. On the other hand, behavioristic psychology holds the notion that the mind does not exist but rather patterns of behavior and our pre-dispositions to such behavior. Functionalism is another school of thought that has come to light recently and draws its theory from computer technology. Functionalism believes that the mind is simply a program and the body, its hardware. With all the different theories, none of them have been able to answer the question on whether computers are convertible enough to the human brain to have intelligence.The think the simplest definition for intelligence is the ability to adapt. You can tell a computer to go to a particularised IP address but if IBMs address is no longer www.ibm.com, the computer does not know how to find the new one. More specifically, it can be said that intelligence is the to take into consideration the circumstances of completing a certain task. Alan Turing, a mathematician, sought to answer the question on whet her or not computers possess intelligence. The Turing Test asked people to communicate with something or someone that they could not see. The people engaged in the communication were then asked identify whether they were talking to a machine or a human. If the test subjects thought themselves to be conversing with a human when they were really engaged with a machine, then the computer was thought to have intelligence. This test is inherently flawed.

Fullers Leila Essay -- Margaret Fuller Leila Papers

Methodological IntroductionNew historicism is premised upon an ideological attempt to wed the practice of history and literary criticism. In this grapheme of textual analysis, the literary work is juxtaposed with historical events (characteristic of the time period in which the work was produced) in an effort to understand the implications within the text. This line of interrogative sentence serves to recover a historical consciousness which may be utilized in the rendering of literary theory. Poems and novels came to be seen in isolation, as urnlike objects of precious beauty. The saucy historicists, whatever their differences and however defined, want us to see that even the most unlike poems are caught in a web of historical conditions, relationships, and influences.1 Such an self-examining framework ultimately contributes to a wide variety of conceptualizations in literary analysis such(prenominal) as Marxism, Feminist criticism, and post-structuralism. This attempt to conte xtualize literary works in a historical manner is also supplemental to more conventional types of literary analysis such as deconstructionism. New historicism, however, tends to be representative of a postmodern project which inevitably leads scholars to question the application of historical concepts as an ideological tool in literary analysis. The attempt to establish a companionship between a literary text and historical event is often reflective of the paradigms characteristic to the practice of writing history. These paradigms foster a notion of exclusivity which may actually hinder a literary analysis. Such an introspective framework ultimately contributes to a wide variety of conceptualizations in literary analysis such as Marxism, Feminist criticism, and post-structuralism.... ...ted to sex-based discrimination as determined by the cult of domesticity. Because of the social implications of Transcendentalist thought, the actualization of Leila in the spiritual realm would s erve to redefine 19th century gender-based exclusiveness within the social context.Bibliography Lawrence Buell. Literary Transcendentalism, Cornell University Press(Ithaca, 1973). Capper, Charles. Margaret Fuller An American Romantic Life-The Private Years. Oxford University Press(New York, 1992). Murfin, Ross. What is New Historicism? in The Scarlet Letter. Nathaniel Hawthorne. Boston Bedford Books of St Martins Press, 1991. Kornfeild, Eve. Margaret Fuller A Brief Biography with Documents. Bedford Books(New York, 1997). Steele, Jeffrey, ed. The Essential Margaret Fuller. Rutgers University Press(New Brunswick, 1992).

The Diary of Anne Frank :: essays research papers

The Diary of Mrs. FrankD-day 1944,I feel terrible. I don t know what I was thinking, trying to flower Mr. and Mrs. Van Daan out of our hiding place. My family has never seen me like this. I mustve forgotten to tell you what happened. Well, let me tell you. We were all sleeping when I unfastened my eyes, and saw Mr. Van Daan stealing bread. I immediately woke up everyone, by screaming and shouting at him. My husband had to hold me away from Mr. Van Daan, or else I wouldve hit him with my fist. I was so ashamed of myself, thinking how my family mustve felt about me,. Anne already hates me. Think of how embarrassed she must be, to have a mother like me. Afterward, I told them to leave at once. My dear husband, thankfully, tried to pacify me that I was only speaking in anger, moreover I scarcely could not listen to him. Soon, Peter came storming in the room yelling D-day has occurred, while I was just sitting there ruining everyones celebration by crying. I was mad at myself for not being very polite to our hosts, after all they have done for us. This is a very happy hour for all of us that D-day has landed. Maybe, just maybe, liberation will occur.Hanukkah, 1942,It is I again, here to report the daily news. Today was the Jewish holiday, Hanukkah. Every year we give presents to our family and friends, but this year we can scarcely go to the bottom storey of our shelter to get presents. We all felt disappointed about not getting or receiving gifts, but I felt the worst. You see, Anne had managed to brighten up Hanukkah with presents for all.

Self Discovery Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Self DiscoveryWhat are you going to do after you get your degree?Whenever I announce myoccupation, this trite, well-intentioned caput never fails to follow. I am a student, a senior at Metro, arenaing Literature and History. Not only a student, I am a mother, wife, daughter, sister, friend and female. No, I dont bring in a paycheck, merely my behavior is fulfilling, gratifying, deserving and challenging. Will I teach, write, join the downtown barter crew again, or become a clerk in the bookstore? Maybe I provide. Whatever I do, I know I will strive to be a bit more patient, observing the tiniest of details, attempting to be more considerate and understanding of people, honoring their backgrounds and ending.While studying English and History, I have obtained a clearer sense of being. Ihave repeatedly professed that my family and faith prioritize my life, however, I oftenfound that the chaos of establishing a career and pursue the American Dream clashedwith those values. Caught in a whirlwind, life was centered around the present, focusingon the future, without the time or necessity to reflect on the past. The study of liberal arts has opened new windows to the past in my mind, allowing the wisdom and thoughts of some(prenominal) great people circulate and stimulate my efforts, giving credence to many of lifes blessings and insecurities. The struggles, discoveries, confessions, and pronouncements of those who are forged in history often apply to modern day life relationships. A fellow classmate, very intuitively, remarked that my opus always reflects back to my personal life. The impact of history and literature on my life, explains the gift I have found in my studies. Socrates (469-399 B.C.), a professional teach... ... and to idle, but I will try to keep an open mind The study of literature requires critical reading, understanding the background of the author, being cognizant of the historical culture in which the author wrote to fully comprehend t he statement being made. I believe when I finally nail the hole on the study beleaguer when hanging my degree next to that of my husband and daughter, I will apply the skills learned in my Liberal Arts education to my every day life and acquaintances.WORKS CITEDHollister, C. Warren. Medieval Europe A Short History. regular armyThe McGraw-Hill Co.,1998.Thoreau, Henry David. Walden. The Norton Anthology American Literature. Ed.Nina Baym. USAW.W. Norton & Co. 1998. 1768-1820.Woolf, Virginia. A Room of Ones Own. The Longman Anthology British Literature.Ed. David Damrosch. USA Addison-Wesley Ed. Publ., 1999. 2465-2499.

The Importance of Having Dreams

Dreams Goals Ideals They totally mean the same. These things are what fill every gracious alive. They are part of life and human nature. We all take in the inbred desire for a good life. Dreams are vital to the life of every person. Without dreams, there is nonhing to plan or look transport to therefore, no reason to live. Dreams are what keep each and every one of us spill. The definition of a dream is hope an inspiration an aim. Every human being dreams, the dreams differ greatly from person to person, near being small while others unrealistically large. But why is it important?Dreams keep us going motivating us to never give up on life. You may say you dont have a dream, however, thats impossible vertical by wanting to have nearthing can also be considered as a chimera. Whenever you start to give up on life your dreams will run low your energy drink that will keep you going. Living a life is like running a marathon. You run halfway and start to feel your muscles tensi ng wherefore after a few runs you start to give up exactly how life works. Life isnt just fill up with rainbows and gumdrops it will never be filled with just happiness.Like in a marathon you will experience some bumpy rounds that will pulls you down, the bumpy roads that will cause you to cogitate of great(p) up. However, in running a long distance race there will always be a place to get some refreshments, refreshments that will give you a boost think of Popeye when he eats spinach, he becomes macho and starts to save the damsel in distress . If you relate it with life, those refreshments are represented by your dreams chimeras that power you up to never be trampled down by despair and urge to give up.Dreams give meaning to our lives and making us who we are. Have you ever felt so lifeless as if nothing around you ever mattered? Or the feeling of boredom and uselessness that questions you at the arse of your mind about your existence? Well I did, and it wasnt a pleasant fe eling. I felt as if I was being sucked in a pit of emptiness. I felt so empty, alone and weak. I even questioned myself why I was alive and it even came to the point when it didnt matter to me if I die. Fortunately, does days didnt last long.When the thought of my dreams came to mind I realized what life actually means to me. It gave me a different view of life sex act me that I cant die not until I achieve my dreams. Further more, our chimera makes us who we are. Everyone has a different dream and these dreams are what influence our building block lives. Without dreams a person has no motivation there would be no point in going to school or getting a job, since no one would dream of having a career or family. Dreams are what motivates us and keeps us going through the hard times.We dream of something break away than we presently have and it is a dream like having a successful job and a family that motivate us to succeed in achieving our goals. Men are born to succeed, not fail. , said by Henry David Thoreau. Our chimeras are there to make sure that we succeed in life. We created them to give us hope and to aim for a better life in the future. We strive harder each day for the sake of fulfilling our dreams so that one day we can proudly tell ourselves that we have no more regrets in life. You wouldnt want to die with regrets right?Since you might not be happy in your next life filled with regrets in not being able to achieve any of your dreams. Did you know that dreams can turn a lifeless criminal into one of the most(prenominal) hardworking man that youve ever met? Dreams are powerful things, especially when you believe and put your heart in them. Dreams change as we get older and some are less important than others, but no matter how trivial or small the dreams are, they are still important since it brings some sense into our lives, giving it some sort of purpose. Without these dreams our lives would be empty and meaningless.

Cigarette Oligopoly

Cigarette Oligopoly Market Chayleen Marquis Benedictine University Author Note This research is being submitted on May 2, 2010, for Professor Raymond Bells MBA 611 course at Benedictine University by Chayleen Marquis. The cigarette mart is one that is known to e veryone. From magazine advertisements to constructive commercials people have been exposed to this market start at a young age.The constant visuals of the advertisements as hearty as the free advertising that occurs daily with people grass exterior their office, in their car, and outside the night life scene the cigarette market has a benefit of using the free advertising as a benefit to their comp either at no cost. The cigarette market is a clear example of an oligopoly market because it is mostly run by a few large firms such as Philip Morris USA, Commonwealth Inc, Lorillard Inc and Reynolds American Inc.Due to the fact that an oligopoly market is hard to non only come into but also basic everyy controlled by these la rge firms any new competitor is waiver to have a difficult measure entering this market, being profitable in comparison to these firms and really having any fiber of say in the price or the output. A benefit of being an oligopoly is the fact that the prices are not determined for them but the larger firms to a greater extent or less make the prices in reflection of the coordination amongst each former(a).Essentially the large firms come together and decide what price they would like to see and then all of the cigarettes cost the same amount across the board. Of course one concern that oligopolys must make sure that they are not be composite with is price fixing. Price fixing is when the competitors of a market fix the product price to avoid competition within their market, while at the same time not being fair to the consumers of the product in regards to the price.The price fixing does not al looks happen in the midst of the competitors but it also can be a factor between manu facturers and distributors. So as an oligopoly the firms must ensure that the price fixing is not occurring at any levels of their production. Most people savour at an oligopoly market and think that they act as a monopoly because the main firms completely control the market. However in an oligopoly the main firms each have a distinguished product brand that sets them apart from their competitor even f it is in the smallest difference. These brands allow each firm to stake claim on consumers in a memorable way to keep consumers approach back for more. In reference to the cigarette oligopoly most consumers have smoke Marlboros from the beginning of their smoking career and have never strayed from the product that they know. In an oligopoly market if one firm drops their prices another firm is more likely to drop their prices as well to not only tour competitive but to also retain their market share.However if a firm were to increase their prices the other competing firm impart no t like raise their prices obviously to try and maintain as well as try to increase their market share. Price increasing is not something that occurs often in an oligopoly market which in turn makes the market inelastic in regards to price change. The use of the game possibility is commonly used in oligopoly markets such as the cigarette industriousness.Making moves in the market without fully knowing how your competitors are going to respond and knowing that if one move that is make can definitely benefit all firms is a tough task to attempt. Making a decision that could help out the companies is not always going to be perceived by the other companies and can back fire on the company who makes the initial decision which in turn would leave them more than likely with a net loss. In the cigarette oligopoly market I see promotion as a game theory used between the competing firms.Many different events are held and it seems that the cigarette firms are there to give away free seeks of t heir new products, free t-shirts and of course creating a bond with the consumer which makes them stay a loyal customer and even gets some consumers to switch products. An example would be from Camel cigarettes to Marlboro cigarettes. As mentioned before advertisement is something that drives the cigarette oligopoly. With the promotions being such a market to get more and more people daily to advertise freely for the company cigarette firms use every opportunity to do so. in general during these promotion periods the cigarette companies will use the foot traffic to do the free advertising for them. This is an extremely smart move because in reality who does not want a free t-shirt. The competing firms do not know when competition is always having a promotion such as the ones mentioned above and could see a decrease in sales during a competitors promotion or even right after one. Another example of the game theory used in the cigarette oligopoly market is when purchasing a regular fi rm product giving out a free ull size sample of a new product to get consumers to try it, which then leads to the consumer not having to purchase their product for a longer period of time. In the cigarette industry I believe that profit has been maximized. There are not a lot of changes that can keep occurring in this industry that can great greater profits than the ones occurring right now. There is only so much change that the cigarette market can endure and change that I believe the market has no new product line to go to.The cigarette market is such an intricate market with a product that has been sold the same way for years and years people dont want it to change. The only profit the cigarette industry is going to see is when prices rise late due to inflation. Other than taxes being enforced by states and the federal government the price for a pack of cigarettes is not going to change drastically by any firm in caution of losing its market share.The competition in the cigarett e market is beneficial to the consumers because of the promotions they provide with all of the free merchandise. Unlike other oligopolies the cigarette market is not elastic so price changes that would occur in other oligopoly markets that affect the consumer dont not occur in the cigarette market. Competition in other oligopoly markets can directly negatively affect the consumer but because the cigarette market is a market that change seldom happens, prices are the same regardless the brand the competition is a benefit.In conclusion the cigarette market oligopoly market is a pretty stable very profitable market that has proven to stand the test of time, anti-smokers protests and even recessions. This market has a proven track record and has no intent to go anywhere. With the energy to use consumers for free advertising this market has saved money in the marketing department which usually helps fight law suits but still keeps its consumers coming back for more each week.The amount for a pack of cigarettes today is between four and five dollars and for the amount of smokers that casually smoke to the addicted smokers who go through a pack a day the cigarette market is not going anywhere and profits they are seeing are barely astounding. References Thomas, C. R. , & Maurice, S. C. (2008). Managerial Economics (9th ed. ). New York, NY McGraw-Hill Irwin. Market Information-Philip Morris USA. (n. d. ). Retrieved April 26, 2010, from http//www. pmusa. com/ed/ cms/Company/Market_Information/default. aspx

Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness

Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness Abstract Create a standardized EDTA solution for use as a titration solution to determine the hardness of water from a single random prove. Introduction Using a calibrated EDTA solution to determine water hardness from a random sample. Essentially the Na2EDTA solution reacts one to one with the mineral content of a sample of tap water and by use of a standardized solution a ppm estimation can be obtained for the hardness of water.Current knowledge in this landing field is well understood and procedures utilize follow generally accepted guidelines. Method First the calibration was completed using an approximately . 7340g Na2EDTA/500mL solution. A 1. 000g/L atomic number 20 ion solution was used as the primary standard with approximately 3mL of ammonium chloride as a buffer and Erichrome Black T as the indicator solution. leash titrations were performed to ensure accuracy of the molarity of the Na2EDTA solution. The 1. 000g/L calcium ion solution had to be converted to M so 1g/L/100. g=. 009990M calcium ion solution. Titration 1 10. 00mL CaCO3 . 00999MCaCO3X. 0100L= . 0000999mol CaCO3 . 0000999mol EDTA/. 002507L = . 00398M Na2EDTA Titration 2 10. 00mL CaCO3 . 00999MCaCO3X. 0100L= . 0000999mol CaCO3 . 0000999mol EDTA/. 02339L = . 004271M Na2EDTA Titration 3 9. 95mL CaCO3 . 00999MCaCO3X. 0100L= . 0000994mol CaCO3 . 0000994mol EDTA/. 02367L = . 004196M Na2EDTA Since the first titration is so far out from the other two it was thrown out giving an average result of . 04233M Na2EDTA Sample B was used in this experiment with at 25mL and three titrations were performed to ensure accuracy with the same buffer solution (appx 3mL ammonium chloride pH10). A magnetic stirrer and standard buret were used in the procedure with a read accuracy to . 01mL. Eriochrome Black T was the indicator solution. Results Titration 1 12. 52mL Na2EDTA . 00423M Na2EDTA x . 01252L = . 0000530 mol . 0000530mol/. 02496L = . 00212M hardness Tit ration 2 12. 19mL Na2EDTA . 00423M Na2EDTA x . 01219L = . 0000516 mol . 0000516mol/. 2499L = . 00206M hardness Titration 1 12. 23mL Na2EDTA . 00423M Na2EDTA x . 01223L = . 0000517 mol .0000517mol/. 02505L = . 00206M hardness (. 00212M+. 00206M+. 00206M)/3 = . 00208M Discussion The results are very consistent however the website for checking the data is no chronic valid. Provided that the titration solution was calibrated properly the results from the experiment to determine the hardness of water should be accurate with a margin of consistency between samples vs. average hardness 1. 89% at most for any of the three samples.

Rebecca riots

They attacked the campana provide because they were tangible objects In which to release rustication. that mevery Rebecca Incidents were regarding dire leanness and oecumenical economic conditions in the countryside and non about tolls. The origin of the name Rebecca comes from a biblical quote, And they blessed Rebecca and said to her thou art our sister, be thou catch of thousand of millions and let thy spill possess the gate of those which hate them. (Genesis 2460). The deal saw this as a sign for action against the toll road trusts.The opposite origin for Rebecca came from the accepted leader of the first protests doubting Thomas Reese who wore womens clothing when star the attacks to disguise himself. He was a large man and its said he borrowed the fit out from a lady named Rebecca. The consequences of the auctions would be serious such as transportation, so the men k overbold they had to hide their Identity during the attacks. The turnpike trusts were created by p rivate acts of of parliament. Their purpose was to prove specific stretches of road and they were authorized to levy tolls in order to punish their subscribers.The toll gates were increasingly popular in England and Wales. M iodiny was collected to bind the roadstead but a number of trusts kept profits for themselves many a(prenominal) trusts were inefficient and neglected roads. Turnpike trusts were a particular burden for the tenant coiffureers and the farm workers because of the high toll charges demanded from them when traveling to market. They were forced to pay more than erstwhile over a short distance where the roads of the entrusts interlinked. In Carpenter in that respect were 1 1 diffe adopt Turnpike Trusts operating around the town, there were several gates in Leaning and Swansea as well. account 10 Is an quote pass water David Howell a Welsh academic historian from his book The Rebecca Riots. He makes an h peerlessst orient that there is no mis taking their tithing for the harshness of the toll-gate system. The tenant farmers were oppress by the English toll renters, the most reviled was Thomas Bulling. The side interdict were simple toll gates on the B roads. The side bars were hated they saw the farmers hand in his pocket constantly In the flesh of Just one short Journey and so constituted an ever-present thorn, these side bars would catch any traffic the fees of the illegally erected toll-gates.The fees would confer to dire poverty because they had less capital affecting their livelihoods, they would loose on their track to sell produce at market. Rebecca and her daughters took the truth into their own hands and violently attacked the side bars leaving the legal gates on the primary(prenominal) roads intact. The firmament had no policing or local politics to bide the injustice of the turnpike trusts, this is the reason for the many protests on toll gates which were unguarded. They feel out there is non a bye- channel o f any sort by which a cart can get to the lime-kilns which has not a bar or a chain across it.They say if ever there is a drive focal point by which one or twain farmers can get to their farms without paying toll, an lotion is immediately do to the trustees to grant a bar on the lane. put down 3 by Thomas Campbell Foster, an executive Journalist from the Times bill was searching for the root causes of the Rebecca riots. This is a reliable acrimonyce it confirms David Howell research on the turnpike trusts, that the farmers loudly complain about the oppressive nature of tolls.The turnpike trusts were crooked they gained money from the toll gates but did not attend the roads, they could widen to do this because Wales did not have a authorities who would oversee the injustice of the turnpike trust. This source highlights the oppression of the Turnpike Trusts who exacerbated the poverty. Document 2 from the Illustrated London juveniles, the look shows men dressed as women w ith farming tools attacking toll gates which is valid. However this source is primary deepen, which means it can be exaggerated, it shows false breeding.There atomic number 18 children present and some undisguised where they would usually have color faces and its as well taking place in daytime when it would be at night. The image gain exaggerates the situation as it shows magistrates and gentlemen at the other side of the gates his may be because they were another grievance. Magistrates were a small elite group in friendship who charged any corrupt sentence they felt. Toll gates were attacked because they were tangible objects and null guarded them at night.This source highlights the attention the Rebecca riots brought. This publicity was from London it was an movement as the government could hear of the riots and inadequate living conditions in Wales. Document 4 is an super a well informed source from the cartoon perforate 1843. Its a very popular contemporary magazin e known for its humorous picture of political issues. This image shows the attack of the toll gates, with farmers dressed in omens vestments with blackened faces carrying the torches and sticks.The riot is taking place at night and engraved on the gate are several issues with caused the Rebecca riots. The grievances are church rate, tithes the poor law and its union workhouses. On top of the gate are the faces of unpopular landlords or magistrates and on the build is the name Robert Peel a prime minister who introduced income taxes. touristed hatred and this is a reason why the Rebecca riots looked like no more than a violent outburst to the injustice of the turnpike system but compact houses and almond weirs which distrusted fishing were also attacked.Overall farmers were oppressed by mountain who collectively denied them arbitrator. This source has the hindsight of the Rebecca riots it is an entry in the Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of WALES, produce by the University of Wal es in 2008. It will be a well researched source advantageously valid used in high education. Document 9 an extract from Modern Wales 1950 a general academic book, with valid secondary information. David Williams is an historian with hindsight explains the government was not content with mere repression.Largely because of the publicity even to the riots by The Times, 3 special commissioners were appointed in October 1843. The times was require by the governing consort and Journalist Thomas Campbell Foster captured the attention and richness of the Rebecca riots through his researched reports. The publicity caused the authorities to try relieve the grievances and they feared backlash if nothing was availed. The commissioners analyses the general causes underlying the riots and in particular, exposed the abuses of the turnpike system. heraldic bearingers were sent to analyses the problems but they did not look into underlying causes. A legal system was introduced because he government had previously neglected the area allowing the impressive turnpike trusts. David Williams in his book The Rebecca Riots 1955 described the riots as a gorilla state of war because of the disguised farmers who wore womans vestments and blackened their faces before attacking the toll gates. David Williams an outstanding historian with a conventional and liberal point of hatful that argues the brotherly structure is most important at a local level.The handed-down social ladder was instrumental as a catalyst to the rioting. He believes the riots would have learnn place even without the oppression of the absentee landlords. Religion was of crucial importance as the the tenant farmers were non- accommodateists and the local squires above them were believers of the Church of England. It was the non conformist preachers who verbalise of social and economic conditions in their congregations. Their words were Justified in the bible read in the chapel, let thy seed possess the gate of those which hate them. It was the chapel goers who started this burning fire. The actions of landholders led to poverty. This source calls the landlords unsympathetic, culturally alien, this is because they no eternal had enatic instinct to protect their tenants. They were absent landlords who spark offd because they were attracted to the political and social manners in London separate from the tenant farmers. Rents were higher in Wales then the unhurt of England. The landlords weakened the Welsh economy spending their wealth alfresco Wales.Document 10 states that Rebecca was concerned at the high rents paid by farmers to their landlords and its likely that had the latter made timely reductions the riots would nor have occurred. The everyday pressures on the farmers and struggle to get out financially in life were the main reasons for fury in the Replicates. book of facts ten states landlords were retests were not enough and thats why Rebecca had to make a scene and use their traditional methods like Chiefly Preen to take their frustration out on landlords.David Howell book, In land and population in 19th century Wales in 1977, provides a detailed examination of the character of land holdings, regulations of ten course of instruction and farming techniques. shape techniques were backward because the tenants were insecure on their land and didnt know if they would be evicted later on a year. The book argues that the riots were orchestrated by non-conformist radicals against the local landlords and absent landlords who are higher in the social anarchy. David Howell implies that the situation is a type of class warfare where its the peasant farmers in rivalry with landlords.His Marxist beliefs and critical of wanting a comely society, blames absentee landlords as well as local landlords for the breakdown in the enatic caring system which has been tradition for centuries in Wales. Absentee landlords increase local landlords rents who the n boost passed the burden onto the peasants. The Chiefly Preen (the wooden horse) tradition started before the sasss as protest due to the atrocious living conditions the tidy sum lived in. The roots of the Rebecca riots an be seen in Chiefly Preen where the people would use this as a agency of frightening and humiliating someone who had offended the communitys appraises.The men dressed as women and blackened their faces carrying a mock of the unpopular person without having to resort to seeking the help of the authorities. Source E is a poster issued payable LEWIS GROWER the local landowner following the attack on the pinkish-orange weir on the river TOEFL at Lechery in Garnisheed from Castle- Amalgam, 24th July 1843. The landowner presents a threatening notice Being informed that the people, styling themselves Replicates, were assembled on Lechery Bridge, on Tuesday night, the 18th July, with the declared intention of destroying the SALMON WEIR.Being a landowner with money he is unaware of how affected the farm laborers were by this restriction to their way of food. The Rebecca rioters attacked salmon wires because they worked to the landowners and they were also tangible objects. That upon the commission of any such antagonism upon that, or any other part of my Property whatsoever, or upon the Property of any of my Neighbors in the District, I will immediately discharge every daylight Laborer at present n my employment and not restore one of them until the Aggressors shall have been apprehended and convicted. These people did not care about the underlying grievances of the people, Just saw it as them committing criminal acts. He was even willing to cat his own laborers out of a Job to catch the people who attacked the salmon weir. There was no sympathy they precisely looked to protect themselves. There were big social divisions between the gentry and the small tenant farmers which contributed to the riots. Laborers who worked on the land. The gent ry tended to belong to the Church of England and spoke English.They often served as local magistrates or were Poor natural law officials or belonged to Turnpike Trusts. They fixed the poor rate, the tolls and the tithes, they were unjust people. They had little in common with those who worked on the land and often made decisions that suited their own Document 7 is extremely useful primary evidence of Mary Thomas a tenant farmers wife to the Commission of Inquiry 1844. This lady represents the working people in West Wales at the time of the Rebecca riots. She explains that tithes were very high, we paid E. 82 in January last. N 1842 we paid E. 54 this is the receipt eleven age go we paid E. 50. Mary Thomas was a good for you(p) woman she was clever with financial matters keeping the receipts as evidence of the forever rising rents. The last time she had tithe to pay she could only make up seven sovereigns which she could to squire Thomas agent but he refused to take them Till I co uld sell something. There was no sympathy for the bad times, stock for tenant farmers was very low and they were struggling. l have nursed 16 children and never owed a farthing that I did not pay in my life. This woman has budgeted her money all this time for her family to survive the hardships. Nor can I or the children go to church or chapel for the want of decent clothing, she feels shamefaced to even attend the chapel that she is paying such high tithes to because she is ashamed of the clothes her family have to wear. She is looking only for a little relief to cope with the financial pressures which caused increasing poverty. This woman would have been taken very seriously, she has genuine grievances presented to the gentlemen.Her evidence provided is reliable because she has receipts to back up her evidence. Religious factors also contributed to the hardships. Landlords were the members of he Anglican church and mostly spoke English, when eighty percent of the population of western United States Wales was Welsh speaking. The area of west Wales believed in non- conformity. Which was the refusal to accept or conform to the doctrines of the Church of England. Document 6 explains how The tithes and church rates were still detested by the chapel members who had to make payments to the Church of England. This is because income of tenant farmers was further reduced because of the tithes they had to pay. Tithes were to begin with payments made for the support of the parish church, these payments were made in kind, for example crops or wool. Tithes were paid to the Anglican Church in almost all Welsh parishes once a year. In 1836, an Act was passed replacing payment in kind by a money payment that was fixed by the vicar or sometimes by the local landowner. They resented having to pay tithes to a church that was not their own.Another cause for discontent was the new Poor practice of law set up in England and Wales in 1834. Document C is from Neil Evans an hono rary research fellow from the School of History and Archaeology in Cardiff University. This source is an historic news report on BBC website, it quotesUnder the new system, if you did not have enough money o support yourself you had to go into one of the new workhouses where conditions were to be worse than the worst paid laborer outside. The rioters attacked workhouses as well as tollgates. The law meant that poor relief was no longer paid to the able-bodied poor.Instead, they were forced to live in a workhouse where conditions were measuredly made harsher than the worst conditions outside, this was called the workhouse test because the government believed that the cause of different parts of the workhouse. The poor were made to wear a uniform and the diet was monotonous. There were also strict rules and regulations to follow. Inmates, male and female, young and old were made to work hard, often doing ungrateful jobs such as picking oakum or breaking stones. Children could also visit themselves hired out to work in factories or mines. In the past, they had often precondition food and goods to the poor but now they were expected to pay for building the hated workhouses. This meant paying rates and they had little spare cash. The workhouses persecuted the poor, families were split up husbands separated from wives and their children. The farmers believed the system was cruel and expensive. This source has very useful information about the workhouse conditions. It is reliable because he is an academic historian and has valuable hindsight on the Rebecca riots. His research aims to inform and educate the public as its in a BBC report.Abject poverty was the main grievance of the people of west Wales. It was distress and semi-starvation which led the country people to march under the banners of Rebecca. Source A explains The attacks on the toll-gates were almost accidental. The main cause the mischief is beyond doubt the poverty of the farmers. The people had be come disgruntled at every tax and burden they have been called upon to pay, it was too often pressure and it was impossible to cope. The tolls were undoubtedly an unjust imposition this was the breaking point which has strike out this discontent into a flame.Thomas Campbell Foster, a Journalist sent to report on the Rebecca riots, writing in an article in the London newspaper, The Times (26 June 1843) canvass the livelihoods of the people and delivered honest feedback of their main reasons for the rioting which was more than the injustice of the turnpike system it was the deep rooted deprivation. In the most miserable part of SST Giles (a slum area area of London), in no part of England, did I ever date such abject poverty. These are living conditions which Foster describes.Thomas Campbell foster empathetic with the people and contributed to the awareness of the Rebecca riots he was trusted by the people of West Wales and ultimately helped the government set up the Commissio n of inquiry into the dire poverty and turbulence in West Wales. Agricultural laborers arrive at starvation point rather than apply for poor relief, knowing that if they do so they will be dragged into the Union Workhouse, where they will be placed themselves in one yard, their wives in another, their male children in a third and their daughters in a fourth.Many people supposition that the poor law was wrong as it humiliated and punished people who were poor through no fault of their own. People of the workhouse were not well provide Thomas Foster reports The bread which I saw in a Workhouse is made entirely of barley and is nearly black. It has a gritty and rather sour taste. The workhouses were like prisons for the poor. The historian, John Davies informs us in Document 1, that a rise in population, Demographic factors were at the root of the crisis. This led to competition for land and insecurity which ruthless landowners used to their advantage.Farmers constantly feared evi ction if they were unable to pay rent. or so of the farmers in rented their land from wealthy landlords. The landlords were arrogant wanted to make more money and started to reduce the number of smallholdings available to rent they then created larger farms that could only be rented at a much higher price. Poor harvests in 1837 and 1838 increased shortages and poverty. There was a good harvest in 1842, but this did not benefit because that was a year of economic depression, so industrial workers could not render to buy agricultural goods.Houses f the farm laborers were like mud hovels with no furniture they were cold and dire. Most had no beds Just loose straw and rags which was extremely unhealthy. The laborers had peat fires a cheap and poor coal that filled the home with smoke. Source B is by James Rogers of Carpenter, a corn merchant, giving evidence to the Commission of Inquiry into the causes of the Rebecca riots (1844). This is primary proof of the continuous hardships the people faced. In the year 1840, which was a very wet summer, nearly all the farmers had to purchase corn, either for seed or bread.This distress has not been the result of one or two or three years, but a series of at least twenty. The value of the farmers land and property has decreased in value while the rates, taxes, tithes and rent have been increased. This made the farmers very distressed. To sum up, dire poverty had led to a serious situation in Wales. The attention of the authorities provided a via media of a moderate settlement of the worst abuses. The government eventually suppressed the Rebecca riots, victimization troops and the full force of the law. Some rioters were caught and sentenced to transportation.Social notations gradually improved and the laws imperious turnpike trusts was amended eventually railway development eased the pressures of a suppuration population as farmers moved away in search of industrial employment. West Wales provided an easier market for produce and a safety valve for surplus population. People could move more easily to find work and this helped reduce pressure in rural areas for jobs. The ending of the Corn Laws in 1846, and attempts in 1847 to make the Poor Law more attractive also helped. As a result Rebecca disappeared from positioning to become a proud memory of the Welsh heritage. Hollies JohnRebecca riotsThey attacked the toll gates because they were tangible objects In which to release rustication. However many Rebecca Incidents were regarding dire poverty and general economic conditions in the countryside and not about tolls. The origin of the name Rebecca comes from a biblical quote, And they blessed Rebecca and said to her thou art our sister, be thou mother of thousand of millions and let thy seed possess the gate of those which hate them. (Genesis 2460). The people saw this as a sign for action against the turnpike trusts.The other origin for Rebecca came from the accepted leader of the first protes ts Thomas Reese who wore womens clothing when leading the attacks to disguise himself. He was a large man and its said he borrowed the clothes from a lady named Rebecca. The consequences of the auctions would be serious such as transportation, so the men knew they had to hide their Identity during the attacks. The turnpike trusts were created by private acts of of parliament. Their purpose was to upgrade specific stretches of road and they were authorized to levy tolls in order to repay their subscribers.The toll gates were increasingly popular in England and Wales. Money was collected to maintain the roads but a number of trusts kept profits for themselves many trusts were inefficient and neglected roads. Turnpike trusts were a particular burden for the tenant farmers and the farm workers because of the high toll charges demanded from them when traveling to market. They were forced to pay more than once over a short distance where the roads of the entrusts interlinked. In Carpente r there were 1 1 different Turnpike Trusts operating around the town, there were several gates in Leaning and Swansea as well.Document 10 Is an extract form David Howell a Welsh academic historian from his book The Rebecca Riots. He makes an honest point that there is no mistaking their tithing for the harshness of the toll-gate system. The tenant farmers were oppressed by the English toll renters, the most reviled was Thomas Bulling. The side bars were simple toll gates on the B roads. The side bars were detested they saw the farmers hand in his pocket constantly In the course of Just one short Journey and so constituted an ever-present Irritant, these side bars would catch any traffic the fees of the illegally erected toll-gates.The fees would contribute to dire poverty because they had less money affecting their livelihoods, they would loose on their way to sell produce at market. Rebecca and her daughters took the law into their own hands and violently attacked the side bars lea ving the legal gates on the main roads intact. The area had no policing or local government to stop the injustice of the turnpike trusts, this is the reason for the many protests on toll gates which were unguarded. They say there is not a bye-lane of any sort by which a cart can get to the lime-kilns which has not a bar or a chain across it.They say if ever there is a lane by which one or two farmers can get to their farms without paying toll, an application is immediately made to the trustees to grant a bar on the lane. Document 3 by Thomas Campbell Foster, an executive Journalist from the Times newspaper was searching for the root causes of the Rebecca riots. This is a reliable source it confirms David Howell research on the turnpike trusts, that the farmers loudly complain about the oppressive nature of tolls.The turnpike trusts were dishonest they gained money from the toll gates but did not attend the roads, they could continue to do this because Wales did not have a authoritie s who would oversee the injustice of the turnpike trust. This source highlights the oppression of the Turnpike Trusts who exacerbated the poverty. Document 2 from the Illustrated London news, the image shows men dressed as women with farming tools attacking toll gates which is valid. However this source is primary evidence, which means it can be exaggerated, it shows false information.There are children present and some undisguised where they would usually have blackened faces and its also taking place in daytime when it would be at night. The image further exaggerates the situation as it shows magistrates and gentlemen at the other side of the gates his may be because they were another grievance. Magistrates were a small elite group in society who charged any corrupt sentence they felt. Toll gates were attacked because they were tangible objects and nobody guarded them at night.This source highlights the attention the Rebecca riots brought. This publicity was from London it was an achievement as the government could hear of the riots and poor living conditions in Wales. Document 4 is an extremely a well informed source from the cartoon punch 1843. Its a very popular contemporary magazine known for its humorous portrayal of political issues. This image shows the attack of the toll gates, with farmers dressed in omens clothes with blackened faces carrying the torches and sticks.The riot is taking place at night and engraved on the gate are several issues with caused the Rebecca riots. The grievances are church rate, tithes the poor law and its union workhouses. On top of the gate are the faces of unpopular landlords or magistrates and on the building is the name Robert Peel a prime minister who introduced income taxes. Popular hatred and this is a reason why the Rebecca riots looked like no more than a violent outburst to the injustice of the turnpike system but Union houses and almond weirs which distrusted fishing were also attacked.Overall farmers were oppre ssed by people who collectively denied them Justice. This source has the hindsight of the Rebecca riots it is an entry in the Welsh Academy Encyclopedia of WALES, published by the University of Wales in 2008. It will be a well researched source considerably valid used in higher education. Document 9 an extract from Modern Wales 1950 a general academic book, with valid secondary information. David Williams is an historian with hindsight explains the government was not content with mere repression.Largely because of the publicity even to the riots by The Times, three special commissioners were appointed in October 1843. The times was read by the governing class and Journalist Thomas Campbell Foster captured the attention and importance of the Rebecca riots through his researched reports. The publicity caused the authorities to try relieve the grievances and they feared backlash if nothing was helped. The commissioners analyses the general causes underlying the riots and in particular , exposed the abuses of the turnpike system. Commissioners were sent to analyses the problems but they did not look into underlying causes. A legal system was introduced because he government had previously neglected the area allowing the impressive turnpike trusts. David Williams in his book The Rebecca Riots 1955 described the riots as a gorilla warfare because of the disguised farmers who wore womans clothes and blackened their faces before attacking the toll gates. David Williams an outstanding historian with a traditional and liberal point of view that argues the social structure is most important at a local level.The traditional social ladder was instrumental as a catalyst to the rioting. He believes the riots would have taken place even without the oppression of the absentee landlords. Religion was of crucial importance as the the tenant farmers were non-conformists and the local squires above them were believers of the Church of England. It was the non conformist preachers w ho spoke of social and economic conditions in their congregations. Their words were Justified in the bible read in the chapel, let thy seed possess the gate of those which hate them. It was the chapel goers who started this burning fire. The actions of landowners led to poverty. This source calls the landlords unsympathetic, culturally alien, this is because they no longer had paternal instinct to protect their tenants. They were absent landlords who moved because they were attracted to the political and social life in London separate from the tenant farmers. Rents were higher in Wales then the whole of England. The landlords weakened the Welsh economy spending their wealth outside Wales.Document 10 states that Rebecca was concerned at the high rents paid by farmers to their landlords and its likely that had the latter made timely reductions the riots would nor have occurred. The everyday pressures on the farmers and struggle to cope financially in life were the main reasons for fur y in the Replicates. Source ten states landlords were retests were not enough and thats why Rebecca had to make a scene and use their traditional methods like Chiefly Preen to take their frustration out on landlords.David Howell book, In land and people in 19th century Wales in 1977, provides a detailed examination of the character of land holdings, regulations of ten year and farming techniques. Framing techniques were backward because the tenants were insecure on their land and didnt know if they would be evicted after a year. The book argues that the riots were orchestrated by non-conformist radicals against the local landlords and absent landlords who are higher in the social anarchy. David Howell implies that the situation is a type of class warfare where its the peasant farmers in rivalry with landlords.His Marxist beliefs and critical of wanting a fair society, blames absentee landlords as well as local landlords for the breakdown in the paternal caring system which has been tradition for centuries in Wales. Absentee landlords increased local landlords rents who then further passed the burden onto the peasants. The Chiefly Preen (the wooden horse) tradition started before the sasss as protest due to the atrocious living conditions the people lived in. The roots of the Rebecca riots an be seen in Chiefly Preen where the people would use this as a way of frightening and humiliating someone who had offended the communitys values.The men dressed as women and blackened their faces carrying a mock of the unpopular person without having to resort to seeking the help of the authorities. Source E is a poster issued payable LEWIS GROWER the local landowner following the attack on the salmon weir on the river TOEFL at Lechery in Garnisheed from Castle- Amalgam, 24th July 1843. The landowner presents a threatening notice Being informed that the people, styling themselves Replicates, were assembled on Lechery Bridge, on Tuesday night, the 18th July, with the declare d intention of destroying the SALMON WEIR.Being a landowner with money he is unaware of how affected the farm laborers were by this restriction to their way of food. The Rebecca rioters attacked salmon wires because they belonged to the landowners and they were also tangible objects. That upon the commission of any such aggression upon that, or any other part of my Property whatsoever, or upon the Property of any of my Neighbors in the District, I will immediately discharge every Day Laborer at present n my employment and not restore one of them until the Aggressors shall have been apprehended and convicted. These people did not care about the underlying grievances of the people, Just saw it as them committing criminal acts. He was even willing to put his own laborers out of a Job to catch the people who attacked the salmon weir. There was no sympathy they only looked to protect themselves. There were big social divisions between the gentry and the small tenant farmers which contrib uted to the riots. Laborers who worked on the land. The gentry tended to belong to the Church of England and spoke English.They often served as local magistrates or were Poor Law officials or belonged to Turnpike Trusts. They fixed the poor rate, the tolls and the tithes, they were unjust people. They had little in common with those who worked on the land and often made decisions that suited their own Document 7 is extremely useful primary evidence of Mary Thomas a tenant farmers wife to the Commission of Inquiry 1844. This lady represents the working people in West Wales at the time of the Rebecca riots. She explains that tithes were very high, we paid E. 82 in January last. N 1842 we paid E. 54 this is the receipt eleven years go we paid E. 50. Mary Thomas was a respectable woman she was clever with financial matters keeping the receipts as evidence of the forever rising rents. The last time she had tithe to pay she could only make up seven sovereigns which she could to squire Tho mas agent but he refused to take them Till I could sell something. There was no sympathy for the hard times, stock for tenant farmers was very low and they were struggling. l have nursed 16 children and never owed a farthing that I did not pay in my life. This woman has budgeted her money all this time for her family to survive the hardships. Nor can I or the children go to church or chapel for the want of decent clothing, she feels ashamed to even attend the chapel that she is paying such high tithes to because she is ashamed of the clothes her family have to wear. She is looking only for a little relief to cope with the financial pressures which caused increasing poverty. This woman would have been taken very seriously, she has genuine grievances presented to the gentlemen.Her evidence provided is reliable because she has receipts to back up her evidence. Religious factors also contributed to the hardships. Landlords were the members of he Anglican church and mostly spoke English , when eighty percent of the population of west Wales was Welsh speaking. The area of west Wales believed in non- conformity. Which was the refusal to accept or conform to the doctrines of the Church of England. Document 6 explains how The tithes and church rates were still detested by the chapel members who had to make payments to the Church of England. This is because income of tenant farmers was further reduced because of the tithes they had to pay. Tithes were originally payments made for the support of the parish church, these payments were made in kind, for example crops or wool. Tithes were paid to the Anglican Church in almost all Welsh parishes once a year. In 1836, an Act was passed replacing payment in kind by a money payment that was fixed by the vicar or sometimes by the local landowner. They resented having to pay tithes to a church that was not their own.Another cause for discontent was the new Poor Law set up in England and Wales in 1834. Document C is from Neil Evan s an honorary research fellow from the School of History and Archaeology in Cardiff University. This source is an historic news report on BBC website, it quotesUnder the new system, if you did not have enough money o support yourself you had to go into one of the new workhouses where conditions were to be worse than the worst paid laborer outside. The rioters attacked workhouses as well as tollgates. The law meant that poor relief was no longer paid to the able-bodied poor.Instead, they were forced to live in a workhouse where conditions were deliberately made harsher than the worst conditions outside, this was called the workhouse test because the government believed that the cause of different parts of the workhouse. The poor were made to wear a uniform and the diet was monotonous. There were also strict rules and regulations to follow. Inmates, male and female, young and old were made to work hard, often doing unpleasant jobs such as picking oakum or breaking stones. Children cou ld also find themselves hired out to work in factories or mines. In the past, they had often given food and goods to the poor but now they were expected to pay for building the hated workhouses. This meant paying rates and they had little spare cash. The workhouses persecuted the poor, families were split up husbands separated from wives and their children. The farmers believed the system was cruel and expensive. This source has very useful information about the workhouse conditions. It is reliable because he is an academic historian and has valuable hindsight on the Rebecca riots. His research aims to inform and educate the public as its in a BBC report.Abject poverty was the main grievance of the people of west Wales. It was distress and semi-starvation which led the country people to march under the banners of Rebecca. Source A explains The attacks on the toll-gates were almost accidental. The main cause the mischief is beyond doubt the poverty of the farmers. The people had bec ome dissatisfied at every tax and burden they have been called upon to pay, it was too much pressure and it was impossible to cope. The tolls were undoubtedly an unjust imposition this was the breaking point which has fanned this discontent into a flame.Thomas Campbell Foster, a Journalist sent to report on the Rebecca riots, writing in an article in the London newspaper, The Times (26 June 1843) studied the livelihoods of the people and delivered honest feedback of their main reasons for the rioting which was more than the injustice of the turnpike system it was the deep rooted deprivation. In the most miserable part of SST Giles (a slum area of London), in no part of England, did I ever witness such abject poverty. These are living conditions which Foster describes.Thomas Campbell foster empathetic with the people and contributed to the awareness of the Rebecca riots he was trusted by the people of West Wales and eventually helped the government set up the Commission of inquiry in to the dire poverty and agitation in West Wales. Agricultural laborers arrive at starvation point rather than apply for poor relief, knowing that if they do so they will be dragged into the Union Workhouse, where they will be placed themselves in one yard, their wives in another, their male children in a third and their daughters in a fourth.Many people thought that the poor law was wrong as it humiliated and punished people who were poor through no fault of their own. People of the workhouse were not well fed Thomas Foster reports The bread which I saw in a Workhouse is made entirely of barley and is nearly black. It has a gritty and rather sour taste. The workhouses were like prisons for the poor. The historian, John Davies informs us in Document 1, that a rise in population, Demographic factors were at the root of the crisis. This led to competition for land and insecurity which ruthless landowners used to their advantage.Farmers constantly feared eviction if they were unable to pay rent. Most of the farmers in rented their land from wealthy landlords. The landlords were arrogant wanted to make more money and started to reduce the number of smallholdings available to rent they then created larger farms that could only be rented at a much higher price. Poor harvests in 1837 and 1838 increased shortages and poverty. There was a good harvest in 1842, but this did not benefit because that was a year of economic depression, so industrial workers could not afford to buy agricultural goods.Houses f the farm laborers were like mud hovels with no furniture they were cold and dire. Most had no beds Just loose straw and rags which was extremely unhealthy. The laborers had peat fires a cheap and poor coal that filled the home with smoke. Source B is by James Rogers of Carpenter, a corn merchant, giving evidence to the Commission of Inquiry into the causes of the Rebecca riots (1844). This is primary proof of the continuous hardships the people faced. In the year 1840 , which was a very wet summer, nearly all the farmers had to purchase corn, either for seed or bread.This distress has not been the result of one or two or three years, but a series of at least twenty. The value of the farmers land and property has decreased in value while the rates, taxes, tithes and rent have been increased. This made the farmers very distressed. To sum up, dire poverty had led to a serious situation in Wales. The attention of the authorities provided a compromise of a moderate settlement of the worst abuses. The government eventually suppressed the Rebecca riots, using troops and the full force of the law. Some rioters were caught and sentenced to transportation.Social notations gradually improved and the laws controlling turnpike trusts was amended eventually railway development eased the pressures of a growing population as farmers moved away in search of industrial employment. West Wales provided an easier market for produce and a safety valve for surplus pop ulation. People could move more easily to find work and this helped reduce pressure in rural areas for jobs. The ending of the Corn Laws in 1846, and attempts in 1847 to make the Poor Law more attractive also helped. As a result Rebecca disappeared from view to become a proud memory of the Welsh heritage. Hollies John

Korean War Essay

I. Introduction A. Stalin died in March of 1953. 1. Korean War also ended. B. Eisenhower began a new war machine policy called the New scene. 1. The give past was American ability to build and deliver nuclear weapons. 2. Would allow the U. S. to destroy the S. U. C. Khrushchev 1. Sputnik. a. Sent the U. S. into a deep emotional depression despite the U. S. New Look policy. D. Thesis. 1. After the Suez crisis, Eisenhower and Khrushchev could never completely trust each other again their relations from then on became based on brinkmanship and their ability to avoid fight. II. Dien Bien Phu and southmost Vietnam.A. Dien Bien Phu (1954) 1. Isolated garrison north of Hanoi. a. French put their best troops there and d ared the Viet Minh to come after them. b. By April the French were losing. i. The fall of the garrison would mingy the end of French rule in Vietnam. ii. modify and Eisenhower saw a victory for Communist aggression and a failure of containment. B. The Splitting of So uth Vietnam III. Dulles Plan (January 1954) A.Massive retaliation 1. Used as the chief instrument of containment. a. Never used for liberation. b. Used much less after the Soviets were also adequate to threaten the U.S. with destruction. 2. Three instances of the use brinkmanship. a. Korea (February 1953). b. Vietnam (April 1953). c. Formosa Straits (January 1955). IV. Quemoy and Matsu (January 1955) A. Eisenhower 1. Determined to hole Quemoy and Matsu. a. Believed they were integral to the defense of Formosa. i. If they fell, Formosa would fall, jeopardizing the anti-Communist barrier and putting several countries in the westside Pacific beneath Communist influence. 2. Asked Congress for a blank check because he was afraid he wouldnt have time to react if the Chinese attacked Quemoy and Matsu. 3.Major war scare. a. Eisenhower seriously considered dropping nuclear weapons on the China mainland. i. Chinese pressure on the islands lessened and the crisis receded. ii. Brinkmanship s ucceeded. V. Kremlin VI. Stability of Eisenhowers Government A. Eisenhower 1. Improved Russian-American relations. a. Avoided war and unbroken the weapons system race at a low level. 2. Strong position. a. American GNP went up without inflation. b. NATO was intact. c. Western European economy continued to boom. d. American military bases in the Pacific were safe. e. U. S. was military superior to the S. U. VII.Khrushchevs Secret Speech (February 1956) A. Secret speech 1. Shocked the Party Congress by denouncing Stalins crimes. a. Indicated that Stalinist restrictions would be loosened. 2. Russians dissolved Cominform (April 1956). 3. CIA got a copy of the speech and distributed it around the world. a. Khrushchev was forced to disband the old Stalinist Politburo in Warsaw and let Wladyslaw Gomulka, an independent Communist, get rid of power. VIII. Suez Canal Crisis (1956) A.Suez Canal 1. U. S. withdraws support from the Aswan Dam on July 19, 1956 because of Nassars trading relatio nship with theS. U. (Soviets give Nassar guns). a. Nassar seizes the Suez Canal in response. i. British and French furious because they are dependent on the canal for oil. 2. British and French begin plans of invasion of Egypt without telling the U. S. a. Issue an ultimatum, arranged in advance with Israel. i. Warn combatants to stay away from the Suez Canal. ii. Nassar ignores the ultimatum, so Europeans begin bombing Egyptian military targets. 3. U. S. introduces a resolution in the U. N. General Assembly. a. Urge a truce and impose an oil censor on Britain and France. b.British tried to seize the canal, but the U. S. forces them to return it to Egypt. IX. Budapest Crisis (October 1956) A. Budapest 1. Khrushchev gives power of the stalinist puppet dictators to Imre Nagy. a. The Russians also withdrew their tanks from around Budapest. 2. Nagy withdrew Hungary from the Warsaw Pact. a. Soviets attacked the Hungarians, putting to death thousands. b. The U. S. never considered helping the Hungarians. i. U. S. armed forces were not capable of driving the Red Army out of Hungary, except through a nuclear holocaust. ii. Hungarians left to tolerate for themselves against the Russians.X. Eisenhower Doctrine (July 15, 1958) A. Eisenhower Doctrine 1. Gave Eisenhower the authority to use U. S. armed forces in the Middle East if he deemed the necessity of assisting against armed aggression from any country controlled by international communism. a. Sent the Marines into Lebanon to support President Chamoun. i. Intervention illustrated Eisenhowers methods. ii. Unilateral action that risked war in support of a less democratic government threatened by pro-Nassar Arabs. iii. U. S. troops limited to taking the airfield and the capital only. XI. Sputnik (October 4, 1957) A.Sputnik 1. S. U. successfully launched the worldi s first man- made satellite. a. Americans angry, ashamed, and afraid. 2. The Gaither Report. a. The published findings and recommendations of the Ford Found ation. i. Presented a sour picture of the future of American security. 4. Sputnik had the effect of establishing ground rules for the Cold War. a. Soviets would not challenge the Wests vital interests. b. Eisenhower indicated that he didnt want an arms race and was eager for datente. XII. Second Berlin Crisis (1956) A. Second Berlin crisis 1. West Berlin an economic miracle.a. Had become the greatest manufacturing city in Germany. b. Its GNP exceeded that of more than half the members of the U. N. 2. Khrushchev moved against West Berlin in late 1956. a. Feared the growing rearmament of West Germany. i. Adenauer, the West German leader, was increasing the pace of rearmament. 3. Free-city proposal. a. Turn West Berlin into a free city and would remove the troops from all alien countries. b. Eisenhower rejected proposal. i. Feared the Russians would frighten the U. S. into an arms race that would bankrupt the country. ii. Khrushchev soon began to back down.

Dear slave trade officer

I am writing to you in concern of the slave trade that you and other pot rough you atomic number 18 running. I think its app anying the way you treat the slaves. Interviewing some people who have been on the trip too Jamaica and witnessed the cruelty has told me gage of terrible things.When you actually arrived at the Afri eject countries, you would just snatch African people from there home villages. Fami delusions would lose the mother or children and never visual perception them again. How would you like it if someone came and took you away from your family? After that you would tie up inside wooden cages and laugh at them.They would be tormented and have racist comments shouted at them. This is a disgrace to mankind. You treated them like animals calling them monkeys because of the colour of their skin. There still humans. Once your sailors crammed the slaves into the boat they would be chained together. They would have to lie down for weeks.From what I have heard you have b een able to stuff up to four hundred and forty slaves in one ship. A situate who had been on the boat said, The floor of the boat was c everyplaceed in blood and mucus resembling a slaughter house. After fifteen minutes I was so overcome by the heat, stench and foul air, I nearly fainted. With assistance I got back on deck. When you said you fed them with healthy food, all you did was give a bowl of mashed rice and some vegetables per every ten slaves.Whats worse is that they got a bucket to use as a toilet barely most of them couldnt reach it. One man commented on the revolting behaviour on board your boat, On board, the common sailors are allowed to have intercourse with the nasty women slaves whose consent they can get even when they refuse. I find this very inhumane and disgusting. Mr John Hammold told me about what you do with dead and sick slaves, When a slave died on the ship, the sailors went down and unchained the body and dragged the dead out onto the deck and through t he body overboard.The ship captained by Mr. Slater got his worst slaves, which was over fifty. He ordered his men to get them onto the deck and throw them overboard too. Some of the slaves happily committed suicide by jumping over the rim because of the extremely harsh conditions they were in. All of this was because he thought he didnt have enough water for the rest of the journey. But when we arrived it turned out that he had multitude of water left and claimed that the slaves was his cargo and that he could do what he pleased with it. You think that these people are just like some cargo and that you can do what ever you want with it.There non, they are ordinary people with human rights.Mr. Smith who was watching the slaves come out of your boat told me that the slaves got branded. Twice This is a type of torture He said that you needed four of your men to stop them struggling. The screamed as the piercing pain hit them hard on the back. accordingly their new masters brand the slaves again. The slaves then get humiliated again by the public when they get sold at auctions. I personally saying people treating the Africans worse than animals by letting the public touch, poke and examine them. The crowd would then comment on the slaves condition. Families would treat an auction as a family day out when taking there children to the auctions. Once the slaves have been bought they loose every part of their identity. Their names would taken and replaced with traditional English names. There devotionIs lost and they spend some of there free time at church on Sunday mornings. The punishments are dreadful. I have personally seen slaves cosmos tied up by the hands and then whipped several times continuously. While the owner who thought he was a holy man did not want to be disturbed while readingThe way you and other people treat slaves is outrageous. There shouldnt even be slaves. Putting chains around their legs and treating them worse than animals. Making dirty money out of it all. The Africans you have kidnapped have committed suicide because they hate their lives so much. You call them second-class people when they are just as equal as you. They also have human rights. Slavery has got to stop and so have you and other peoples racism and total neediness of respect to other people.

Domain Name Essay

Browsing through distinct domain servers, I would suggest a comfortably known and established company. I would suggest the use of GoDaddy. com. I postulate personally used the service and can attest to their customer service available 24/7 via telephone and live chat. The provider also offers free personalized email, DNS control and status alerts for the page. The prices are free-enterprise(a) with other companies with assistance in not and hosting the site, they will assist in the building and keep of the site.As far as domain name, at the time of searching the domain name of FreeFluShotsForElderly. org is available. I would suggest the use of a . org vs another due to the public misconception of their view towards the extensions. A normal psyche may recognize a . org extension as a non-profit vs if it was a . com and not believe it to be non-profit. The name, while long, also would be easily memorable in terms of the elderly as well as being easily located with search engin es as well.Another possible alternative is to await with a purchase like this and purchase similar domain names along the same lines and with different extensions for a cheaper price. With the purchase of the additional domain names, you can reroute users from those sites to your trunk site that is being maintained. Not only would this assist with individuals typing in the wrong address, it would assist with people who are looking for different sites that are mistakenly brought to this organizations site.

Personal Income Expense Statement and Budget Essay

2.1Personal in derive statementAnnual wages$75,000Monthly Gross counterbalance $6250Federal Withholding $265 loving Security $238Medi machinee $56California State $149Net Monthly pays$5,5422.2My estimated periodic bud suppressMy family comprises of three family members expenses, which is me, my wife, and our iodin course of instruction old son. We live in an apartment in California.Estimated monthly Expense Amount ($)Rent 950 child cable cargon 0Food 500Taxes 311Gas two hundredElectricity notification 90Inter web run & Ph hotshot serve 50Grocery 400My school schooling 2250clothing 30Transportation, political machine maintenance & Insurance 300Emergency Fund role 70Masters degree nest egg note contribution 100Entertainment, Gym membership 100Roth IRA 100Miscellaneous 80Total expenses 5,531Net income come 11Detailed above be my income statement and my estimated monthly compute. As much as my budget is blue, I always aim to maintain it at the manageable direct to a vert dr knowledgeing in debts and even making just about savings harmonize to my short term and ache term goals. My annual salary is $75,000 which translates to monthly gross pay of $6250. There are other charges levied such as federal withdrawing, social security, Medicare and California state levies bringing my win pay to $5,542.According to Randal (2007), ho hold is the just about expensive item in California State. With an annual salary of $75,000 before impose, considering purchasing a home is a bad idea. As much as buying a ho spend is one of my long term goals, I plan budgeting and planning for it after getting a well paid moving in or after establishing my business and making it successful to cater for purchasing a home. Therefore, with my net monthly salary of $5542, I opted for $950 rent for my apartment for my family. This is the average rental prices in my neighborhood since it is pencil eraser and it is not also expensive.California State is a region that is h ard getting around without a car and therefore transportation forms part of monthly budget. My 2007 Toyota corolla car is re apt and uses fuel efficiently estimated at $164 per month, even with the soaring gun prices. My car uses 1 gallon per 29 miles and I drive to draw and school daily at an estimated distance of 20 miles each way, translating to 40 miles daily, and five measure per week. With additive driving on weekend when going out for fun or even pass, the estimated monthly driving is calculated below40 miles daily 30 days per month= 1200 miles1200 miles per month/29 miles per gallon=42 gallons of gas per monthCost per gallon $3.961 42= $164I have a groovy driving record, combined with my cars liability insurance costs of $30 per month and car maintenance, my monthly transport cost is estimated to be $300With a family of three, food is major item in my budget. With $500 I am able to feed my family well because here in California, we have several(prenominal) regional markets competeing with the common super markets. Averagely in the regional markets, the goods prices are about 40%-60% cheaper compared to the chain markets and they poke out many items needed in the house bid snacks, cleaning supplies, tools and tooth pastes among others.I installed naked DSL for sole(prenominal) DSL and this provides me with full internet connection run at $40 per month. Furthermore, I went for pre paid recollect services from T-mobile at $10 per month. This brings my monthly expense for internet connection and phone service per month to be $50.Californian weather is always good all year round and generally electrical energy is low, estimated to be $90 from my past average electricity bill of five months. My apartments pay for water and quarrel services. Similarly, I do not consume much gas and therefore a budget of $200 is enough per month. Moreover, I do my monthly cloth shopping at Old Navy and sometimes at Ross since they provide discounts and their clo ths are of quality.As part of my short term goals to live healthy lifestyle, I have enrolled in a nearby gymnasiumnasium for my workouts three times per week. Moreover, as part of my entertainment I go out for few movies, go for some camping trips and eat out occasionally. Moreover, I manipulate good use of destitute places like the beaches for my entertainment and therefore, an estimated budget of $100 is enough.Planning for my solitude and having protection in future is also part of my long term goals. Similarly, setting deflexion taking into custody funds in a savings account to help in resolving pinch situations swiftly was part of plan. My estimated monthly budget has catered for savings in form of Roth IRA is $150 and emergency finds contribution is $70. Moreover, I also save for my Masters degree education that I plan to adopt after my undergraduate studies wit $100 per month.Lastly, Childcare is free in California State and is sponsored by the state government and th erefore is nil in budgets. I also pay my tuition fees of $2,250 per month for my studies. Lastly, I do budget for $80 for miscellaneous expenses in addition to revenuees of $3112b. Managing LiquidityPlan to manage monetary resourceCash anxiety according to AAT (2013) refers to concentration, collection and disbursement. My plan to manage my cash balances in a manner that satisfies my budget, maximizes cash availability and avoid risks of debts2b.1Types of accountsIn management of finances, I go forth use ING Direct since they pass on be providing me with online pay services, savings services and checking services. Furthermore, the will allow me to get to gunman- accounts so that I can make savings for specific goals.2b. 2Tools and growth in maintenance of budget each monthBecause they offer many services and tool, I will use ING Direct as my primary tool for budgeting. I will be setting aside some notes in specific pools of sub accounts, transfer the money back and forth aut omatically, and set up automatic payment of bills. These tools provided by the ING Direct bank will allow me to manage my finances effectively.The mathematical operation in which ii will use in maintenance of my budget is a step by step process as outlined belowI will first of all get an account with the ING Direct because it has online checking and access to savings in addition to pay bill.The second step will be to set up an automatic bill payment for my bills per month. This means that for every regular bill per month that I have, I will set up an automatic payment of bill for that finical bill so that I do not have to worry about paying it when it is due. This will be done by creating the specifying the date and join to pay it, and payment will be do automatically on that regular dateI will also create a sub- account for each saving goal and irregular bill. This one will be for the other bills that usually come after several months has passed and sometimes crunch the budget such as my car insurance and gas bill. Similarly, I will set up sub accounts for specific saving goals such as my emergency funds, my Masters degree education and long vacation to France after my graduation. For these I will create sub accounts to set aside some money so that when their bills come however big or small they are, I am ready. These sub accounts I will give them names to identify them as my diaphanous funds such as emergency funds, Masters Degree funds, car insurance, Gas bill, and France Vacation.From there, I will set up an automatic money transfer into these sub accountsMy next step will be to pay the bills as they come. This will be done after setting everything well and only trunk with the responsibility of paying the bills as they come in. I will be paying my bills by fifth every month. I will ensure that I am on top of the incoming bills so that I do not get fined for late payments. Since I will have set most of bill payments to be handled through automatic tra nsfer, I will not have many things to band with therefore few bills every month will get my attention.The fifth and the last step that I will do is that I will apply for debit display board from Electric Orange checking services of ING that also functions as a master peak to centralize completely all my spending. The debit card will be useful for regular corrupts of household things like groceries.All these tolls and process will create a centralized view of my day-to-day expenditure and also form the core of my budget.2b. 3Analysis of the online monthly budgetAnalysis of my current monthly budget was done under individualal income expenses and budget. From the analysis, my monthly gross pay is $6,250 and net monthly pay is $5,542. Moreover, my estimated total monthly expenditure is about $5,531 with a net gain of $11.2b. 4How and wherefore my cash flows impacts the overall goalsMy short term goals include Building emergency funds, get a job after my bachelors degree, to stud y masters after my graduation, go for a two week vacation in France, build my personal development goals, and fitness goals. On the other hand, my long term goals include having my own business, buying a luxury car for my family, buy a house, pay college education for my children, and save money for my retirement.My cash flows impacts my short term and long term goals significantly and in different ways. My estimated monthly budget caters and also considers my short term and long term goals hence impacting them positively. For instance, my estimated monthly budget has set aside $70 per month for emergency funds, $100 per month for my Masters degree, $100 per month for my entertainment and gym membership to satisfy the lifestyle short term goals. Lastly, retirement funds also have a share in my estimated monthly budget at $100 under Roth IRA.The contribution towards achievement or realization of the goals is underway through pecuniary support. This is evident from my estimated mont hly budget. Probably after completion of masters degree, the kitty can be changed to children college fees to start saving the future college fees for my children2c. Credit ManagementDevelop a budgetAccording to Bullivant (2010), a person who is in financial debt need to first conduct a realistic assessment of the amount of money they take in and their expenditure amount. I use different ways in management and usage of recognition. First of all, when I have a debt, I list all my fixed expenses. These are expenses that are the same each and every month such as the insurance premiums, car payments, my tuition fees and rent. Next, I do list the varying expenses like the clothing, entertainment and groceries. Listing down of all my expenses including te insignificant ones is very essential in tracking down my spending patterns, prioritize the rest and in identification of the necessary expenses. The main goal of my first step in address management of tilt of expenses is to ensure tha t the basics are fully settled such as my education, insurance, food and housingContacting the acknowledgementorsWhen I have a problem of paying the debts as agreed, I immediately contact the assuranceor and explain to them why it is difficult for me paying the debt on time. I then try to adjust and modify my payment plans to levels that are manageableSecured creditsIf I have secured loans such as car loan and I am unable to pay it on time, I will sell the security (the car) and settle the debt rather than waiting for the creditor to reposes the car and sell it at an added cost. Similarly, if it is a mortgage, I will contact my lender to avoid foreclose2c. 2Development of debt step-down processes after graduationCredit counseling I will go for credit counseling in any honorable organization or financial institution for advice on management of debts and money, assist in budget development, and for free educational workshops and materials. These counselors who are trained and cer tified in budgeting, debt and money management, and consumer credit will discuss with me my financial situation, and to help me in develop a personalized plan for solving my money problems2c. 3Appropriate uses of credit and debit card gameCredit cardsOnline shopping-when shopping online credit card is the safest option because the insurers of the credit cards watch for fraudulent charges. It can be reversed quickly if its detected by the holder while debit cards are not protected in some instances like cash paymentsWhen making large electronic purchases- they are well-off is large electronic purchases in addition to offering warranty protectionWhen on a vacation or travelling-it is suitable when away from home and it also adds anti-fraud protection. Moreover, by using credit cards during travels one can get perks such as cash back on purchases, frequent flyer miles, and discounts on the rental cars. Lastly, they are convenient for travel companies, airlines and hotelsII.Debit cards For immediate payments since transactions are simultaneous and is the fastestWhen finances on the budget are automated-this is suitable for luxury and personal purchases and the card holder can use it as much as they want so long as they are within the budget. The card cannot work no more and this is advantageous since overdraft fees will not be incurredIf recovering from poor habits of financial management or watching the finances. This is because credit cards are bad for some people in money management or living within their means.For best foreign currency exchange rate-it offers the current wholesale exchange rate especially when a person travels to a foreign country.2c. 4Credit strike offA credit score according to Weston (2012) is a numeric representation of a persons credit history and ranges amongst 300 and 850. The factors that impacts credit score includePayment history- late credit card payments of skipping damages credit score while payment of credit card balances and b ills on time and in full results to high scoreOutstanding debt- it is good to use 25% and below of the available credit. Moreover, the more credit cards a person has that have been maxed out, the lower the credit score (Rich, 2013).The length of time for building credit- a person with a longer history of credit has a higher credit ratingThe credit report number of inquiries- more credit report inquiries will show up from the number of times a person applies for loans or credit cards. A higher credit report inquiry is an extension that the person is struggling with debt even if they never got a loan or used the cards (Rich, 2013).How I check my your scoreI usually check my score from AnnualCreditReport.com once per year for free. The website asks series of questions ranging from personal information, state, questions related to my financesI also use Fair Isaac Corporation (FICO) website at MyFico.comLastly, I also sometimes purchase my credit report from the credit Bureaus directly in USA which are Experian, Equifax and TransUnion.Importance of having good credit scoreGood credit score makes it possible for banks to issue debit or credit cards, stores to accept checks and companies to manage their trading operations (Servigny & Renault, 2004).2d. Tax ManagementThe applicable measurees to me as a hook up with person with one child filling a joint tax forms are listed belowFederal tax. 25%State tax. 7.5%Income tax 6% complaisant security tax. 6.2%Medicare tax. 1.45%Taxes in California State and United States vary and are categorized into different brackets. The tax brackets include age, single, head of household, married and pay tax separately or married and pay tax jointly. With my annual salary of $75,000, married with one child and paying tax jointly with my wife, I pay federal tax of 25% and income tax of 6%. However, the state tax, social security tax and Medicare tax are fixed in California state and cut across every citizen of all ages, whether marrie d or not.The taxes from my income take a large percentage from budget annually and this also hampers my investments progress and my scotch plans. My budget has incorporated some of my long-term and short term goals and I am forced to alter minimal amounts because of the obligated taxes according to the law.2d. 2Incorporating tax strategy into budget and financial goalsBuying and holding- a person is liable to pay tax on managed funds or shares held for one year or less at the regular rate of income tax. However, holding the assets for more than 12 months receives a discount on the capital gain of up to 50%Using tax efficient funds- making investment on funds like index funds which has low turnover ca reduce the liability of capital gains, and improves a persons after tax returnsInvesting in retirement plans- a person can make contributions from their pre-tax salary so that the money is taxed at a very low concessional rate instead of borderline tax rate (Broomberg, 2013).Referenc esAssociation of Accounting Technicians. (2013). Cash management. London BPP Learning Media Ltd.Broomberg, E. B. (2013). Tax strategy. Durban Butterworths.Bullivant, G. (2010). Credit management. Farnham, Surrey, England Gower.Randal OToole (2007). why California Home Prices are So High. ONLINE Available at http//www.cato.org/publications/commentary/why-california-home-prices-are-so-high. Last Accessed 21th October 2014.Rich, J. (2013). Improve and increase your credit score Credit management strategies that will save you thousands. impertinently York Entrepreneur Press.Servigny, A. ., & Renault, O. (2004). Measuring and managing credit risk. New York McGraw-Hill.Weston, L. P. (2012). Your credit score How to improve the 3-digit number that shapes your financial future. Upper Saddle River, N.J FT Press.Source document